MADRID (CNS) -- In a highly anticipated and historic speech to Spain's parliament, Pope Leo XIV urged modern-day leaders to be guided by ancient and Catholic principles that gave birth to universal human rights based on the inalienable dignity of the human person.

While Church and state legitimately remain separate, many virtues and aims of good governance and just laws are rooted in values profoundly marked and inspired by the Christian tradition, he told hundreds of lawmakers and leaders of judiciary branches June 6 in Spain's Congress of Deputies.

When lawmakers ask themselves "how to ensure that what is possible is just, that what is legal is truly humane, and that the will of the majority safeguards those goods that belong to all and respects that which no majority can legitimately violate," he said, the answer needs to "stand before the dignity of the person and pass that test without shame." 

Since landing in the capital June 6, Pope Leo has followed the usual protocols of meeting with the head of state -- King Felipe VI -- addressing representatives of civil society and diplomats, and spending time with local church-run charitable organizations, the Catholic faithful and the wider community.

Being invited to speak to a nation's lawmakers is a rare but not unprecedented event. The last three popes all became the first in history to address a nation's parliament or legislative body: St. John Paul II, being the first to speak before the Italian parliament and Poland's parliament; Pope Benedict XVI, to the parliaments of the United Kingdom and Germany; and Pope Francis, as the first pope to ever address a joint meeting of the U.S. Congress in 2015.

The U.S.-born Pope Leo, who spent nearly two decades serving in Peru, a land conquered by Spanish conquistadors and evangelized by its missionaries, became the first pontiff to address a joint session of Spain's legislative body.

International order is "crumbling," drifting away from norms aimed at coexistence, Francina Armengol, president of the Congress of Deputies, told the pope.

"We have no choice but to come together around what is essential and reformulate the measures that commit us to shaping a more just world" and work for human rights, she said before the pope's address. 

"We welcome you today with a willingness to listen and with the conviction that understanding among institutions, cultures and peoples is essential to addressing the great challenges of our time," said the leader during a time of severe political crisis in the country.

The government, led by Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, has been struggling with legislative deadlock, intense polarization and risks of collapse from corruption accusations and investigations.

It was against this political backdrop that Pope Leo took the floor, asking the leaders to look back at their own nation's rich history and to reflect more deeply into their own hearts.

"Spain has known how to view the human being as more than just a cog in the social, economic or political order," he said.

More than 500 years ago, Spain was a powerful monarchy and a growing global empire, conquering and colonizing the Americas, including extracting its natural resources and enslaving, coercing and killing its people.

These excesses and horrors triggered major moral and legal questions back in Spain, particularly among Catholic theologians who began debating whether Indigenous peoples had any rights and whether such military conquests were just. They radically challenged the long-held belief that Christianity, the papacy and a powerful empire could be the only source of or foundation for order and stability.

While classic and Christian thinkers, including St. Augustine, taught that the law must adhere to reason and is bound by a greater moral law rather than brute force, the 16th-century theologians in Salamanca, Spain, applied those ethical ideas to the new era's unfolding tragedies.

"When Spain found itself facing historic responsibilities of universal scope," Pope Leo said in his speech, the Catholic university in "Salamanca would undertake, with particular clarity, the moral and legal reflection that the situation demanded." 

Even though "society and the Church herself did not always live up to these insights found in their own Christian tradition," he said, these thinkers introduced the idea of "the irreducible value of every human being and the moral limits of power," which led to the core principles of international human rights. 

Spain's very own Christian thinkers "helped to shape a legal and moral consciousness capable of remembering that authority always entails responsibility and that every human being must be recognized as a subject of rights and duties," Pope Leo said.

Even today, the pope said, the whole world "continues to ask itself how to build peace on the recognition of the person and not on the imposition of force."

All those working in public service should be guided by the "Salamanca Question," he said, because power and coercion are still being wielded in old and new ways, including in "increasingly sensitive areas of personal and social life" with new technologies and biomedicine.

"Therefore, in the face of the transformations of our time, our discernment must focus on the place of the human person in our decision making and on how the dignity of work, solidarity, social policy and the common good are today being addressed in new ways," Pope Leo said.

"This discernment begins with a fundamental affirmation: every truly just society is built upon the recognition of the inviolable dignity of the human person. Such dignity precedes any concession by the state and cannot be subordinated to shifting social consensus or the whims of the majority at any given moment," he said, referring to Pope Benedict's address to the German parliament in 2011.

Recalling Pope Francis' criticism of a lingering "throwaway culture," which fails to recognize the inherent dignity of every human being, Pope Leo challenged the lawmakers to consider their serious "responsibility of legally ordering social coexistence."

"If life ceases to be recognized as a fundamental value, what future can our societies have? Can a community that casts into the shadows the unborn child, the elderly, the sick, those who suffer in silence, or those who depend entirely on the care of others be called fully just?"

As euthanasia and medically assisted suicide are legal in Spain and its government is now considering an amendment to constitutionally protect the right to abortion, Pope Leo said, "The defense of human life is neither a partisan issue nor a confessional interest: it is a goal of civilization."

When "the most vulnerable are the first victims," he said, "the law loses its deepest meaning: to serve and protect every person." 

"For this reason, the moral greatness of a nation is manifested, above all, in its capacity to accompany, protect and love those lives that are most fragile." 

"Without confusing the political order with the religious one," he said, it should be recognized that "modern freedom has also been shaped by a long education of conscience, deeply marked by the Christian tradition."

"In that inner school" of the human conscience, he said, "people learned that law must serve the good, that justice sets limits on force, that power requires legitimacy, that the poor belong fully to the community, that the foreigner must be welcomed in accordance with his dignity, and that human life can never be treated as a commodity."

A law attains "true greatness," he said, "when, in addition to being valid in form, it can stand before the dignity of the person and pass that test without shame."

A moral renewal is needed together with "technical solutions and legal reforms" to look "more deeply at what is at stake in every public decision," he said.

"I invite you, then, to lift your gaze to the world around you, not to turn away from reality, but to remember that every decision by public authorities affects real people, especially those who have less power to make their voices heard," Pope Leo said.

ABOARD THE PAPAL PLANE FROM ROME TO MADRID (CNS) -- Before touching down in Spain for his fourth apostolic journey abroad, Pope Leo XIV told reporters traveling with him that his plan was to meet with all facets of society: Catholics, young people, migrants, the poor and regular citizens.

"The Church has a message for everyone," he said in Spanish June 6, offering special greetings to journalists from Spain and those from other nations. "Thank you very much for your service."

The pope's June 6-12 visit to Madrid, Barcelona and the Canary Islands also comes at a time when the capital is hosting a major sporting event, -- Real Madrid is facing La Laguna Tenerife in Game 3 of their quarterfinal series --and the Puerto Rican singer and songwriter who performed at the Super Bowl LX Halftime Show, Bad Bunny, is playing six concert dates, kicking off his Spain tour the evening of the pope's arrival.

Aware that the star's shows are scheduled around the same time as the pope's prayer vigil with youth June 6 and meeting representatives of the "world of culture, art and sport" June 7, the pope said it will be interesting to see those young people who will still choose to see the pope. 

"If they are confronted with the question: do they want to see Bad Bunny or do they want to see the pope, I think many will see Bad Bunny. But I think there will also be a few there to see the pope. And that says something, you know," he said in English.

Asked about reports of an increase in young people joining the Catholic Church, the pope said he was "very pleased by the reports." According to a recent blog from the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate at Georgetown University, about half of Gen-Z raised Catholic retain that identity into adulthood.

Young people who are "looking for something more," he said, often have grown up without a "spiritual dimension in their lives. They realize there's an emptiness and a lack of a sense of meaning, and perhaps my visiting is helping to awaken" something further that they may still not be able to define.

While he has visited Spain many times, particularly during his 12 years as prior general of the Order of St. Augustine, he said he was looking forward to visiting this predominantly Catholic though increasingly-secularized country as pope: "to meet the faithful, celebrate the faith, proclaim the message of Jesus Christ."

Pope Leo is scheduled to visit Madrid, Barcelona and the Canary Islands June 6-12, visiting migrants and the poor as well as the royal family, dignitaries, representatives of the world of culture, sports and politicians, becoming the first pope to address the Spanish parliament in Madrid. 

He will also meet privately with survivors of sexual abuse by clergy. Cases of abuse, he told one reporter, "are still an open wound," adding that it was "unfortunately impossible to meet everyone that wanted" a papal audience.

He told the pool reporter that he always "fought against" known cases of abuse wherever he was serving and would continue to do so as pope.

Pope Leo will lead many events with the nation's Catholics, and one of the highlights will be his blessing of the recently-completed central tower of the Basilica of the Sagrada Família in Barcelona, which now makes it the tallest church in the world at nearly 535 feet. The event also commemorates the 100th anniversary of the death of its architect, Antoni Gaudí.

But, at the same time, he was going to "greet everyone, all of society, because the Church has a message for everyone, as you have seen this very clearly, I believe, in the encyclical letter" published May 25 on safeguarding the human person in the age of artificial intelligence, he said in his main remarks.

The trip will be an opportunity to discover the "great enthusiasm" of the people, Pope Leo told reporters on the plane.

"There are many Catholics here, and I especially want to highlight the presence of young people," he said. 

"By everyone sharing the joy of the faith, we can send a very positive message," he said, of "God's love, of charity, of respect for every human being."

The pope then walked down the aisle of the plane, greeting each of the 80 journalists individually, answering their questions, taking selfies and accepting gifts, such as a small wooden cross made from the wreckage of boats that had been carrying migrants to the Italian island of Lampedusa, where he will visit July 4.

One French reporter reminded him that June 6 marked the anniversary of "D-Day," when American, British and Canadian forces invaded Normandy, France, to free Western Europe of Nazi occupation during World War II. Asked whether he would like to visit the region to bring a message of peace, the pope said, "Yes, my father was there," serving in the Navy and taking part in the landings.

Asked if he will support the United States soccer team during the FIFA World Cup this summer, he replied, "I will certainly support the U.S., though I am not sure how many games I will be able to see."

When asked which of the two highest-ranked Spanish squads he was a fan of: Real Madrid or Barcelona, he responded: "That's easy...the pope is for all teams, but Prevost is Real Madrid!"

VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- The rites and symbols of the liturgy are not arbitrary ceremonies but the means through which Catholics encounter God and are formed in faith, Pope Leo XIV said June 3.

Continuing his series on the Second Vatican Council's Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, "Sacrosanctum Concilium," the pope reflected on the role of rites, signs and symbols in Catholic worship during his weekly general audience in St. Peter's Square.

"The rites of the Christian liturgy are not a mere external covering of the sacramental mystery, a collection of arbitrary ceremonies, but are the ecclesial mediation through which the divine gift reaches us," he said.

The pope said liturgical rites shape the spiritual lives of believers, teaching them to recognize God's presence and participate more fully in the life of the church.

"Rite gives shape to liturgical action and, through it, to our lives, generating in us a spiritual sensibility that makes us capable of savoring the presence of God through Jesus Christ," he said.

Catholics are called to participate in the liturgy with their "body, mind and heart," the pope said, allowing themselves to be formed through listening to Scripture, giving thanks, adoration, fraternal sharing and communion. 

He added that while the structure of the liturgy may seem at odds with modern preferences for spontaneity, its rhythms help believers step away from a culture focused on productivity and rediscover what is essential.

"In the rite we experience a logic of gratuitousness, we find a pause that regenerates the heart, we recognize that we are preceded by divine grace, we learn to live in a rhythm inhabited by the Holy Spirit," he said.

Turning to signs and symbols, Pope Leo cited the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which teaches that their meaning is rooted in creation, human culture and salvation history, and fully revealed in Christ.

He pointed to water as one of Christianity's most significant symbols, recalling its role in the story of creation, the flood, the crossing of the Red Sea and the Jordan River, and the water flowing from Christ's side at his death.

"When we are sprinkled with holy water, our awareness of the gift received at baptism and our commitment to new life in Christ is rekindled," he said.

The pope also highlighted symbolic actions such as kneeling and exchanging the sign of peace, saying they foster a sense of belonging and help create "authentic ecclesial relationships."

Quoting Pope Francis' apostolic letter "Desiderio Desideravi," Pope Leo said Christians must once again become capable of understanding symbols and allowing themselves to be educated by the church's liturgical rites. 

The experience of a living and devout liturgy, accompanied by sound catechesis, remains "the best resource for reawakening in everyone that openness to the encounter with God," he said.

In his greeting to English-speaking pilgrims, the pope encouraged Catholics to rediscover the signs and symbols of the liturgy as the church prepares to celebrate the feast of Corpus Christi later this month. 

Greeting Polish pilgrims, he said Eucharistic processions should be "a courageous witness of faith" that reminds people God remains present among his people and accompanies them in daily life. He also encouraged Italian-speaking pilgrims to keep alive "this beautiful expression of public witness to the faith."

WASHINGTON - Archbishop Paul S. Coakley, president of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), welcomed the news that Ms. Maria Montserrat Alvarado has been appointed by Pope Leo XIV as the new prefect for the Vatican’s Dicastery for Communication. 

“It was with gratitude that I learned of Montse’s appointment as the next prefect of the Holy See’s Dicastery for Communication,” said Archbishop Coakley. “We are grateful for her work as a Catholic journalist, faithfully covering the work of the bishops, and also for her advocacy and dedication to upholding religious freedom and human dignity at the Becket Fund. On behalf of the Conference, I assure her of our prayers as she continues to serve the universal Church with her unique talents.” 

Ms. Alvarado has overseen the news operations for Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) since 2023, and previous to that, at the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty – at both entities, she has had interactions with the USCCB and its member bishops.

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WASHINGTON - On May 27, an Emergency Presidential Determination (PD) on Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year (FY) 2026 was published in the Federal Register, based on the President’s finding of “an unforeseen emergency refugee situation.” This new rule will allow 10,000 individuals, exclusively Afrikaners from South Africa, to be admitted to the United States as refugees. 

Bishop Brendan J. Cahill, chairman of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops’ Committee on Migration, issued the following statement:  

“Offering refuge to the world’s vulnerable and persecuted is a founding principle of our country and it is uniquely what makes this country great. For decades, the United States was known for offering this opportunity, not favoring one particular group, but granting relief in accordance with our laws, our shared values, and the national interest. Today, however, that is sadly not the case. We appreciate the Administration’s acknowledgement that our country can continue to resettle refugees, and we renew our call for resettlement to be extended further to others in need, including those persecuted on the basis of their faith, the likes of whom have no access to refuge in our country at this time.” 

Last October, Bishop Cahill’s predecessor also addressed the disparate treatment of refugees taking place. In January 2025, the president placed an indefinite suspension to the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program and set the PD for FY 2026 at 7,500 refugees. Virtually all the refugees resettled were Afrikaners granted individualized exceptions to the suspension. At the time the refugee admissions program was suspended, over 100,000 people from a range of countries had been conditionally approved for refugee status in the United States and were awaiting resettlement through the program, some after being in the process for several years.

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WASHINGTON - The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops’ (USCCB) Secretariat of Child and Youth Protection has released the 2025 Annual Report – Findings and Recommendations on the Implementation of the Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People.

The report is based on the audit findings of StoneBridge Business Partners, a consulting firm which provides forensic, internal, and compliance audit services. A survey regarding allegations of abuse of minors and costs that is annually conducted by the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (CARA) at Georgetown University is also included as a part of the report. 

This is the twenty-third such report since 2002 when the U.S. bishops established and adopted the Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People, a comprehensive framework of procedures to address allegations of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy and establish protocols to protect children and young people.

The 2025 report covers July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025. During that period, 1,070 allegations were reported by 973 victims-survivors of child sexual abuse by clergy throughout 194 Catholic dioceses and eparchies that reported information. This is an increase of 168 allegations reported in the previous audit year. Allegations received as a result of lawsuits, compensation programs, and bankruptcies, make up approximately 60% of allegations during 2025. Out of the 1,070 allegations, a total of 727, or 68%, were brought to the attention of the diocesan/eparchial representatives through an attorney, making this the principal reporting method during the 2025 audit period. Allegations made by spouses, relatives, or other representatives such as other dioceses/eparchies, religious orders, clergy members, or law enforcement officials on behalf of the victim-survivor were additional methods of reporting, totaling 112 allegations. The remaining 231 allegations were made by self-disclosure.

During the current audit period, dioceses/eparchies provided outreach and support services to 150 victim-survivors and their families who reported during this audit period. Continued support was provided to 1,331 victim-survivors and their families who reported abuse in prior audit periods. The report notes the ongoing work of the Catholic Church in continuing the call to ensure the safety of children and vulnerable adults. In 2025, the Church conducted 2,320,143 background checks on clergy, employees, and volunteers. Additionally, in 2025, there were 2,328,545 adults and 2,803,250 children and youth trained in how to identify the warning signs of abuse and how to report those signs.

For the 2024 audit year, 194 of 196 dioceses/eparchies fully participated in the 2025 data collection process and two dioceses did not participate. StoneBridge physically visited 36 dioceses/eparchies and utilized remote technologies to perform 25 additional remote visits to dioceses and eparchies, for a total of 61on-site audit visits and collected data from an additional 133 others. Of the 61 dioceses/eparchies that participated in the on-site audits that took place between March and December 2025, there was one finding of non-compliance with certain aspects of the Charter involving one location. Compliance with the Charter was determined based on implementation efforts from the date of the last audit visit through 2025.

CARA completed their data collection for the 2025 annual survey in January 2026. All but five of the 196 dioceses and eparchies of the USCCB completed the survey, for a response rate of 97%. The findings indicate that among 89 alleged perpetrators that were classified, nine-tenths of the alleged offenders identified between July 1, 2024, and June 30, 2025, are deceased, already removed from ministry, already laicized, or missing (89%). Another 10 priests or deacons identified during fiscal year 2025 were permanently removed from ministry during that time (11%). There were no offenders that were temporarily removed from ministry pending investigation of the allegations. Nor were there any alleged offenders that remained in active ministry during that fiscal year pending the investigation. 

For the 2025 audit period, there was one finding of non-compliance with certain articles of the Charter involving one diocese: The Diocese of Houma-Thibodaux was found to be non-compliant with Article 2 due to the Diocesan Review Board not meeting since October 17, 2023. Subsequent to the audit period, the Diocese convened a meeting of the Diocesan Review Board, bringing the Diocese into compliance with Article 2 of the Charter. The following dioceses/eparchies did not participate in either the on-site audit or data collection process, thus no information on these locations could be included in this report: Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parma of the Ruthenians (OH) and Our Lady of Deliverance Syriac Catholic Eparchy in the USA.

The USCCB’s Committee on the Protection of Children and Young People and the National Review Board continue to emphasize that the audit and continued application of zero-tolerance policies are two important tools in the Catholic Church’s broader commitment to create a culture of protection and healing that exceeds the requirements of the Charter. 

This most recent annual report, and all previously published annual reports, may be found on the USCCB website: https://www.usccb.org/offices/child-and-youth-protection/audits. Additional information on diocesan requirements for the protection of children and young people may be found here. 

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VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- Amid renewed tensions between the Vatican and traditionalist Catholics over the teachings of the Second Vatican Council, Pope Leo XIV defended Church reform as a legitimate process that adapts to current needs while remaining rooted in authentic tradition.

During his May 27 general audience in St. Peter’s Square, the pope said authentic renewal of the liturgy is acceptable and encouraged when the Church first engages in careful theological and pastoral study and then makes sure that “any new forms adopted should in some way grow organically from forms already existing." 

"In a particular way, I encourage everyone to respect the texts and norms of the liturgy with openness, humility, trust in God’s greatness and with sincere fidelity to ecclesial communion," he said in his address to English speakers.

His remarks came weeks after the traditionalist Society of St. Pius X announced plans to move forward with ordaining new bishops without papal approval, despite warnings from the Vatican's Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith that such an act would be schismatic and carry automatic excommunication for the members involved in performing and receiving the consecrations.

In a May 13 statement published by the dicastery's prefect, Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández warned that "this action will constitute ‘a schismatic act’" and that "formal adherence to the schism constitutes a grave offense against God and entails the excommunication established by the law of the Church."

Founded in 1970 by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, the Society of St. Pius X has long opposed several teachings and reforms associated with Vatican II, particularly regarding the liturgy, ecumenism and religious liberty. Earlier this year, the group announced plans to consecrate bishops without papal authorization July 1, a move that would deepen its rupture with Rome.

In February, SSPX Superior General Father Davide Pagliarani, who resides at the society's headquarters in Switzerland, met with Cardinal Fernández, but the society later reaffirmed its intention to proceed with the consecrations.

Addressing French-speaking visitors during the general audience -, the pope prayed  that "a liturgical renewal, faithful to the authentic tradition, may consolidate ecclesial communion and the full participation of the faithful."

Throughout his general audience catechesis, Pope Leo repeatedly framed liturgical reform as part of the Church’s living tradition rather than a break from the past.

Quoting Pope Pius XII and the Second Vatican Council’s Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, "Sacrosanctum Concilium," the pope said the Church "grows, matures, develops" while safeguarding the integrity of doctrine. He also reiterated the council’s call to preserve "sound tradition" while remaining open to "legitimate progress."

The pope said changes within the liturgy had taken place throughout the Church’s history in order to help the faithful participate more fully in the Paschal mystery and to allow the Church’s worship to become embodied within different cultures throughout history.

"Today, this energy must be renewed in continuity with the authentic and living Catholic tradition, that is, in accordance with a dynamic aimed at introducing believers to the fullness of the truth," he said.

Citing Pope Benedict XVI, Pope Leo said tradition and progress should not be viewed as opposites, recalling Benedict’s image of tradition as "a river" that carries its source within itself while continuing to flow forward.

At the same time, the pope stressed that any reform within the Church must be approached carefully and with ecclesial authority. Referencing "Sacrosanctum Concilium," he said reforms should only occur when "the good of the Church genuinely and certainly requires them" and after "careful theological, historical and pastoral" study.

"I therefore urge all those called to prepare the celebration of the divine mysteries, in particular

priests who exercise the ministry of liturgical presidency, to always uphold that respect for the texts and regulations of the liturgy which springs from an inner attitude of openness and trust in God, manifesting humility before His greatness and sincere fidelity to ecclesial communion," he said.

VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- In his first encyclical, Pope Leo XIV used a sweeping reflection on artificial intelligence to question whether the Catholic Church's centuries-old just war framework remains valid in modern warfare and to ask pardon for the church's role in slavery.

The pope's 82-page encyclical, "Magnifica Humanitas" ("Magnificent Humanity"), primarily focuses on the ethical development of artificial intelligence and the dangers posed by autonomous weapons, concentrated technological power and the erosion of human dignity. But within the document, Pope Leo also makes several broader interventions on war, violence and historical injustice.

In discussing such topics, he questioned the Catholic teaching of just war theory in modern warfare and wrote about slavery in an unprecedented way. 

The just war theory, largely created through the writings of St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, has been accepted for centuries throughout Catholic teaching, to determine whether warfare could be morally justified under strict conditions. It states that a nation must try its best to avoid violence by considering the human cost, just cause and an effort to engage in diplomatic negotiations. It has recently been used by the Trump administration to justify the ongoing conflict in the Middle East. 

But Pope Leo wrote the theory has become increasingly insufficient in an age shaped by advanced weaponry and artificial intelligence and "is now outdated." 

"Humanity possesses far more effective and capable tools for promoting human life and resolving conflicts, such as dialogue, diplomacy and forgiveness," he wrote. "The use of force, violence and weapons reflects a relational poverty that always has disastrous consequences for civilian populations."

The pope also introduced additional criteria he said should be considered before warfare, including ensuring a clear chain of responsibility when automated technologies are used in combat, establishing a "moral timeframe for making judgments” in an era when artificial intelligence can accelerate military decisions, and safeguarding civilians.

Elsewhere in the encyclical, Pope Leo addressed the Catholic Church's participation in the "scourge of slavery," in broader terms than many of his predecessors. Previous popes have apologized for more specific instances like Christian involvement in the transatlantic slave trade, but Pope Leo appeared to frame the Church's responsibility more institutionally.

"It is impossible not to feel deep sorrow when contemplating the immense suffering and humiliation endured by so many in stark contrast to their immeasurable dignity as persons infinitely loved by the Lord," he wrote. "For this, in the name of the Church, I sincerely ask for pardon."

The pope's comments immediately drew attention because both subjects,  just war theory and institutional responsibility for slavery, are novel approaches. Anna Rowlands, professor of political theology and Catholic social doctrine at Durham University in England, spoke with Catholic News Service about the significance of the pope's statements and how they fit within the broader themes of "Magnifica Humanitas."

This interview has been edited for clarity and length:

CNS: So talking about the fact that this first encyclical is addressing a lot of the issues that he's brought up throughout his papacy, something that really struck us was his just war theory and how he said that it was outdated. I wanted to get your thoughts on that. If it is outdated, is there going to be a new theory that replaces it? Do you see tenants of that throughout this encyclical?

Rowlands: So, actually, Pope Leo is joining a conversation that's been going on for some time through recent encyclicals and wider documents of the Church about exactly how we keep the dynamism of the Church's commitment to peace as the only true end goal in sight. So the just war tradition was developed obviously from the early Church, from the first centuries, including Augustine's very significant contribution to that, St. Thomas Aquinas' contribution, and then into the modern era, that tradition was developed in order to try to work out how you can keep peace to the world and a sense that you could build sustainable, stable human communities that were committed to justice. 

So the question is, how much does the just war theory -- which is a theory, it's a way of thinking together about how you achieve those ends -- how fit is it as a framework, as a kind of moral architecture for thinking about the world that we're in now. 

And in recent papacies, not simply Pope Leo at this moment, but in recent papacies, there's been an attempt to reevaluate the usefulness of that theory to the modern moment. Without rejecting the theory outright, the evaluation has been: sometimes it can be too easy to deploy the just war theory in the world we live in now, too quickly to defend violence and intervention and force, rather than to pause back from it. 

So the question is, can just war theory sometimes be pushed towards justifying violence where we might want to see peace? So it's not that the Church has refused that tradition, and we saw Pope Leo do this very recently, he drew from the just war tradition in relation to Iran and the conflict of Iran, to say you need to remember this doesn't meet the criteria of just war theory. That's what many of the American bishops, the U.S. bishops, are also saying. So we still deploy that. You can see its usefulness and importance there. 

But what the encyclical is doing is saying, but don't rely on that alone, and we need to continue this live discernment about the performance, the moral performance of just war theory. How much does it help us reach the true ends, which are a just peace for all within a global order and also within nations. And so in this moment, the encyclical is pushing us to say, you can't use just war theory as a legitimate way to rush towards aggression and violence. And we need to find almost just war theory plus in order to enable us to really reach the ends of just peace. And remember, that's the focus. It's not just is there a textbook consideration that allows us to legitimate domination. 

And what's really important here is he's evaluating adjustable theory in a tech era. Because everything in this document is looking at what does it mean to live in a time, an era, a moment where tech -- we're sitting here mic'd up, now you're in front of a laptop -- we're totally tech-mediated in the conversation. 

What does that do to warfare? And he's very clear that it pushes to impersonalization, it pushes to a rapidification, a speeding up of decisions. And it seems to mean that we have a much less embodied understanding of what any use of violence, even if it might be in self defense, legitimate, what that really entails and how you create reflective intervals, true transparency and accountability. So if you read the bit of the document that comes after his critical critique of just war theory, he sets out some of the conditions, he calls them criteria for judgment that help us think what would we do now given the context of modern warfare that we're in now? So he wants us to morally evaluate performance and theory, almost look beyond it into a framework that includes it, but takes us beyond. And he gives us some new criteria for a very tech driven era of warfare.

CNS: Something else that we found very interesting was -- I think this was kind of one of the rare moments where we saw him ask for forgiveness for the Church's long tolerance of slavery. Can you tell me a little bit about what you thought about that, and do you think that it was time? Do you think that it really is going to be impactful?

Rowlands: Yeah. So when I first read those paragraphs in the document, I was really struck by them. And I was struck by them for two reasons from two different perspectives. One is that the apologies that we have for slaves from the Church before, from John Paul II's time onwards, including Pope Francis, have by and large been an expression of the deepest of sorrow and regret for the involvement of individual Christians in legitimating what is always illegitimately ownership and subjugation of a another human being. What this text does is move us slightly more in the direction of talking about the Church and the language of the Church, not merely individual Christians. 

So there's much more of a sense of a collective ownership of what is done in the name of the Church. There's a kind of movement of language frame there which I think is about bringing the question of slavery and the legacy of slavery into a collective space of accountability, responsibility and discernment.

That links to the second part that struck me really centrally, which is it's not just a sort of sudden moment of sort of a apologizing for slavery, it's in the context of thinking about contemporary slavery now and the fact that in a tech era where there are new forms of subjugation and slavery, and Dr. (Leocadie) Lushombo talked in her intervention today about those new forms of slavery in the digital era, the extracted industries, the mining, the trafficking of people and so forth. He's basically saying to us, we don't want to be in another moment of history in 100 years where we are finding that we are apologizing once again because we didn't deal with the slavery of our own era now. So he's saying, if I'm going to say that with authority, which I've mastered urgency now, I must also deal with the historical past.

VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- Presenting the first encyclical of his pontificate, Pope Leo XIV warned that artificial intelligence must be "disarmed," urging governments, tech leaders and society to confront the rapidly growing technology before it weakens human relationships, critical thinking and peace itself.

With its authoritative teaching, the 82-page encyclical, "Magnifica Humanitas" ("Magnificent Humanity"), significantly boosts the Catholic Church's position as an active voice in discussions over artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons, labor, human dignity and the concentration of technological power among a handful of corporations.

"Peace, not merely the absence of war, is justice at work," Pope Leo said May 25 during a presentation unveiling the document in the Vatican's Synod Hall to an audience filled with members of the Roman Curia, reporters and special guests. "But when technology weakens our critical sense, peace itself is at risk."

The pope said he wrote the encyclical after hearing from scientists, engineers, political leaders, parents and teachers about the promises and dangers posed by artificial intelligence. While some were enthusiastic about the technology, he said others expressed fears over future generations and increasingly autonomous weapons systems.

While he acknowledged the benefits of AI, Pope Leo was clear in saying more scrutiny needs to be applied to this developing technology.

"Artificial intelligence needs to be disarmed," the pope said. "The word is strong, I know, but deliberately chosen because this moment needs words capable of attracting attention, awakening consciences and indicating paths forward for humanity."

Pope Leo has frequently cautioned against the unchecked development of AI since the beginning of his pontificate, warning that the technology risks weakening human discernment, distorting reality and replacing authentic relationships with simulations of human interaction.

Anchoring his address on the church’s annual World Communications Day theme, the pope said artificial intelligence is increasingly simulating "human voices and faces," while raising deeper questions surrounding consciousness, responsibility, friendship and truth.

"We do not possess technical answers, nor do we seek to displace those with expertise," the pope said in his May 25 presentation. "But we bring a wisdom concerning the human that our present time desperately needs: every person is unique and irreplaceable."

The Holy See's engagement with major technology companies dates back nearly a decade through conversations known as the "Minerva Dialogues," which brought together church leaders and executives from Silicon Valley firms, including Google and LinkedIn.

That's one of the reasons why one of the most anticipated speakers at the presentation was Chris Olah, co-founder of the artificial intelligence research company Anthropic, who praised the pope’s willingness to engage the industry directly.

Olah acknowledged that computer scientists alone cannot determine the ethical boundaries of AI because developers themselves are influenced by "incentives" such as ambition, competition and financial pressure.

"We need informed critics who will tell the labs when we are failing," Olah said. "We need moral voices that the incentives cannot bend."

He said the church could help shape discussions surrounding the equitable distribution of AI’s economic benefits, the impact of the technology on children and employment, and broader questions about human flourishing.

Olah also described aspects of advanced AI systems as "mysterious, even unsettling," saying researchers continue to discover behaviors within models they do not fully understand.

Others speaking at the presentation highlighted themes throughout the encyclical, including economic inequality, labor exploitation and the concentration of technological power.

Anna Rowlands, professor of political theology and Catholic social doctrine at Durham University in England, was another speaker on the panel with the pope. She said the encyclical "brings the vision of the Gospel to bear on the cultures of AI."

She said the document challenges the idea that artificial intelligence itself can "save" humanity while questioning whether too much influence over modern life is being placed in the hands of a small number of technology companies.

"In the interests of the common good, how can we resist such distorting concentrations of power in the hands of the few?" Rowlands asked.

Leocadie Lushombo, another panelist and professor of theological ethics at the Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University, pointed to the encyclical’s criticism of extractive mining industries in the Global South that supply minerals used in AI infrastructure and data centers.

"Yes, AI can very easily be colonial," Lushombo said. "It is more likely to do much to further violate the rights of the Global South."

Cardinal Michael Czerny, prefect of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, said the pace of this new technology is unparalleled, while the stakes are deeper, concerning "the very nature of human coexistence." 

He went on to say that the most original contribution the Christian faith brings to the discussion on AI is the "conviction that human beings always transcend the sum of their achievements, their data profiles and any possible technical simulation, because they are called to a fullness of life that finds its truth in relationship and its fulfillment in a constant and sincere gift of oneself."

Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, prefect of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, said the document insists humanity must not lose sight of its own dignity despite technological advancement.

"For every human being possesses infinite dignity and never loses that sublime capacity for love which God bestowed upon humanity when He created us," Cardinal Fernández said.

He also emphasized one of the encyclical’s central arguments: that artificial intelligence cannot replicate humanity’s capacity to suffer, grow and love.

Pope Leo’s encyclical states that humanity carries within itself "the lessons that are etched like scars, a memory of the journey taken between freedom and falls, dreams and disappointments," he said.

WASHINGTON – Archbishop Paul S. Coakley, president of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), issued a statement today welcoming Pope Leo XIV’s new encyclical, Magnifica Humanitas: On Safeguarding the Human Person in the Time of Artificial Intelligence.

Archbishop Coakley’s statement follows:

“The Church in the United States welcomes the publication of Pope Leo XIV’s first encyclical letter, Magnifica Humanitas, with gratitude and praise. It is a powerful reminder that no technology can replace a child of God, and all technology should be placed at the service of helping humanity thrive.

“As his predecessor Pope Leo XIII addressed the challenges of the Industrial Revolution in Rerum Novarum one hundred thirty-five years ago, our Holy Father shines the light of the Gospel and the tradition of the Church on the new opportunities and challenges posed by the rise of Artificial Intelligence. The Pope calls us to never lose sight of the inherent dignity of all human life and the moral imperative for technology to support peace and the common good rather than the limited interest of a few.

“Recognizing the importance of this issue to the Holy Father and to us all, the Administrative Committee of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops tasked the USCCB Committee on Doctrine to lead and coordinate our work regarding Artificial Intelligence.  It reflects the Catholic belief that the dignity of the human person is inviolable. 

“My brother bishops and I look forward to prayerfully reading the encyclical more deeply over the next few days. We encourage all people of good will to reflect on this rich papal teaching and to seek ways in which to apply it in their lives.”

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